Theories of international relations

Theories of international relations

International theories comprise of a set of ideas that identifies and explains the functioning of the international system backed by reliable facts. Most of these theories are formed from the idea that states or nations always give priority to the national interests such as economic prosperity, political dominance over other states, military security and self-protection. There exist many elements of international relations hence each theory addresses specific areas. This paper will critically evaluate the constituent of the four major theories that include liberalism, constructivism, realism, and radicalism.

Realism exhibits polarity (Bipolarity, Multipolarity, Hegemony) and hence influences the management and stability of the system. While this theory was mainly prominent in the 18th and 19th centuries as well as the beginning of World War 1, it traces far back as it is highly associated with the principles and traditions of ancient Greece (Walt 29). The theory is perfect in the context of conceptualizing state related activities, conflict and power affairs. Moral behavior is discouraged for it is perceived as risky because it can manipulate the states; capability to protect itself. Leaders may portray moral aspects but they are not allowed to let the moral standings to guide the policies that are associated with foreign governments.

Main assumptions in realism include:

• States are considered as the most significant actors
• All states focus on survival as the primary concern e.g. formation of militaries.
• All states act in unitary but in a rational manner, hence creating the need to concentrate on self –attention and striving to accumulate as much income as possible
• This system is anarchic, the state is the ultimate actor and there can never be a higher controlling entity over all states.

     Liberalism is best suited to addressing and provision of conditions for peace and the emergence of international institutions. Developed in the 1970’s liberalism stressed on enhancing broad ties among states hence weakening the aspect of national interest and diminishing the importance of military power. Factors such as globalization, diversification of technology and communications, and improved international trade deem realism as an outdated theory as states could no longer depend on political powers to decide matters. Liberalism also serves as the foundation of the League of Nations (UN)

Assumptions associated with liberalism include:

• International standards, rules, and organizations can form a basis of global trust, prosperity, and cooperation.
• The repercussions of using military force outweighs its benefits and hence it is better to maintain cooperation for the best interest of every nation
• There exist other forms of power such as social and economic, hence disregarding the military as the only effective power.
• Various states have different main interests 

Radicalism assumes economic concept in explaining almost all phenomena and hence try to explain the connection between power, social relations, and production. New relationship patterns are created in the process of evolution of feudalism and capitalism. The theory heavily borrows from the writings of Karl Marx. For example, in Eastern Europe, Marxist approach have benefitted from a new beginning since the disintegration of communism (Mingst 55). 

Assumptions by radicalisms include;

• Hierarchical capitalist arrangement is an exploitative method
• Multinational entities such as banks  exert control in developing countries and are given lots of significance
• Developing countries are controlled by the activities of the developed states.

Under constructivism, the behavior of the state is defined by social standards, identities, and influential beliefs. The theory is founded on the belief that global politics is formed by consistent values, culture, ideas and social identities. In an example, the theory influenced the Eastern Europe communities shortly after the fall of Berlin wall (Mérand 6).  Individuals can alter culture and social norms by coming up with new ideas and practices. Additionally, the theory creates a structure for understanding politics of the world. Constructivism has no aspects of ontology. From a far perspective, Constructivism combines both realism and liberalism but portrays some limitations. The In international system, the theory borrows on realistic thoughts of anarchy but instead; replace the reserved and egotistic nature of humanity with a more positive liberal and altruistic perception. The steady interaction that is advocated by this theory ensures that various interests at all levels are socially created.

Assumptions of Constructivism

• Steady traditional international assumptions are of no importance as compared to global relations that are formed through social construction
• Ideas are vital in shaping international relations as compared to political power or economic power.
• Anarchy is a variable basis of international system

In conclusion, liberalism seems to be the best theory that explains international  relations since it encourages rationality and understanding of the fundamental of human society and laws of nature hence enabling individuals’ capacity to create a just society by improving living conditions  Unlike liberalism,  realism is not well equipped to address phenomenon of international institutions as it indirectly advocates for antagonism (constant competition between the states) which may lead to security dilemma. Additionally, the theory advocates for power as the only certain aspect in the world hence leading to the emergence of more powerful nations. Radicalism can be dismissed as a theory that best explains international relations as it fails to explain the collaboration between socialist and capitalist nations in some global events such as the cold war (including the downfall of the Soviet Union) and the reason as to why some developing states are independent. Marxism fails by assuming that International reality is formed socially by recognized structures hence giving importance to a materialistic world.

Works cited

Mérand, Frédéric. European security since the fall of the Berlin Wall. University of Toronto Press, 2011.1-14

Mingst, Karen A. "Contending Perspectives: How to Think about International Relations Theoretically." Essentials of International Relations (2004): 55-82.

Walt, Stephen M. "International relations: one world, many theories." Foreign policy (1998): 29-46.